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In this way it converts the molecule with which it reacts into another FR, so a common feature of FR reactions is the chain process: one radical gives rise to another radical. In chemistry, a free radical (FR) is a relatively stable species that contains one or more unpaired electrons and can react with other molecules, either by donating its unpaired electron to another molecule or by taking it away from another molecule to increase stability.

This review addresses this question and includes a robust mechanistic explanation of the chemical reactions of ROS and oxidative stress. However, it is often unclear how this translates into chemical reactions involving redox changes. Cellular and biochemical experiments have been complemented in various ways to explain the biological chemistry of ROS oxidants. The induction of oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of radical species and the antioxidant defense systems, which can cause damage to cellular biomolecules, including lipids, proteins and DNA. Cells produce ROS as a controlled physiological process, but increasing ROS becomes pathological and leads to oxidative stress and disease. There is extensive literature on the generation and effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological processes, both in terms of alteration and their role in cellular signaling and regulatory pathways. Living species are continuously subjected to all extrinsic forms of reactive oxidants and others that are produced endogenously.

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